References

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Introduction: Pursuing a Clean Growth Future

Brundtland, G. 1987. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Retrieved from http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf

Cassidy, J. 2020. “Can we have prosperity without growth?” The New Yorker. 3 February 2020. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/02/10/can-we-have-prosperity-without-growth

CICC (Canadian Institute for Climate Choices). 2020. Charting Our Course: Bringing Clarity to Canada’s Climate Policy Choices on the Journey to 2050. Canadian Institute for Climate Choices. Retrieved from https://climatechoices.ca/reports/charting-our-course/

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2018. Achieving a Sustainable Future: A Federal Sustainable Development Strategy for Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.fsds-sfdd.ca/index.html#/en/goals/

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019a. “Environmental indicators.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators.html

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019b. Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/pan-canadian-framework.html

Government of Canada. 2020. Towards Canada’s 2030 Agenda National Strategy. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/agenda-2030/national-strategy.html#h2.01

Lipsey, R. 2019. “Policies for green growth versus policies for no growth: a matter of timing.” In Handbook on Green Growth. Ed., Roger Fouquet. Edward Elgar Publishing: United Kingdom. 

Lipsey, R., K. Carlaw and C. Bekar. 2006. “Economic transformations: general purpose technologies and long-term economic growth.” The Economic History Review. Volume 59:4.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2011. Towards Green Growth. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/towards-green-growth_9789264111318-en

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017. “Green growth indicators.” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-growth-indicators/

Raworth, K. 2020. “Exploring doughnut economics.” Retrieved from https://www.kateraworth.com/doughnut/ 

Statistics Canada. 2020. “Sustainable development goals data hub.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www144.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/sdg-odd/index-eng.htm

Townsend, J., Moola, F., and Craig M.K. 2020. “Indigenous Peoples are critical to the success of nature-based solutions to climate change.” FACETS 5: 551–556. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0058 

United Nations. 2020. “Green growth.” United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1447

YHI (Yellowhead Institute). 2019. “Decolonizing Clean Energy Policy in Canada?” Ryerson University. Retrieved from https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2019/09/26/decolonizing-clean-energy-policy-in-canada/ 

Indicator 1: Low-carbon Growth

BP. 2020. BP Energy Outlook 2019 Edition. Retrieved from https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2019.pdf

Bundale, B. 2020. “N.S. exports to china hit nearly $1 billion, but 2020 trade hampered by coronavirus.” The Chronicle Herald. 5 February 2020. Retrieved from https://www.thechronicleherald.ca/business/local-business/exclusive-ns-exports-to-china-hit-nearly-1-billion-but-2020-trade-hampered-by-coronavirus-407393/

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2020a. “Provincial and territorial energy profiles – Nova Scotia.” Government of Canada. Retrieve from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/ns-eng.html

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2020b. “Provincial and territorial energy profiles – Ontario.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/on-eng.html

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2020c. “Provincial and territorial energy profiles – Newfoundland and Labrador.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/nl-eng.html

CTG/WWF (Cleantech Group and World Wildlife Fund). 2017. Global Cleantech Innovation Index. Retrieved from http://info.cleantech.com/rs/151-JSY-946/images/Global_Cleatech_Innovation_Index_2017_FINAL.pdf

Dobson, Sarah and G. Kent Fellows. 2017. Big and Little Feet: A Comparison of Provincial Level Consumption and Production-based Emissions Footprints. The School of Public Policy Publications. University of Calgary. Volume 10:23, September 2017. Retrieved from http://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Big-and-Little-Feet-Dobson-Fellows.pdf 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020. “Canada’s Official Greenhouse Gas Inventory.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://data.ec.gc.ca/data/substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/   

Government of PEI (Prince Edward Island). 2018. A Climate Change Action Plan for Prince Edward Island: 2018–2023. Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved from https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/publication/pei-climate-change-action-plan 

Government of NB (New Brunswick). 2016. Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Economy: New Brunswick’s Climate Change Action Plan. Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved from https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/env/pdf/Climate-Climatiques/TransitioningToALowCarbonEconomy.pdf 

Government of NS (Nova Scotia). 2020. “What Nova Scotia is doing.” Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved from https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/what-ns-is-doing/

Government of SK (Saskatchewan). 2020. “Gross Domestic Product.” Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved from https://dashboard.saskatchewan.ca/business-economy/key-economic-indicators/gross-domestic-product

Government of Yukon. 2020. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Yukon.” Government of Yukon. Retrieved from https://yukon.ca/sites/yukon.ca/files/env/env-greenhouse-gas-emissions-yukon.pdf

IBRD/WBG (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank Group). 2017. The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/207371500386458722/The-Growing-Role-of-Minerals-and-Metals-for-a-Low-Carbon-Future

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2019a. “Data and statistics.” Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=Total%20primary%20energy%20supply%20(TPES)%20by%20source

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2019b. World Energy Outlook 2019. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2020. The Oil and Gas Industry in Energy Transitions: Insights from IEA analysis. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/the-oil-and-gas-industry-in-energy-transitions

Leach, Andrew. 2020. “The symbolic meanings – and literal death – of Teck’s Frontier mine project.” The Globe and Mail. 28 February 2020. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-symbolic-meanings-and-literal-death-of-tecks-frontier-mine/

Levinson, Arik. 2015. “A Direct Estimate of the Technique Effect: Changes in the Pollution Intensity of US Manufacturing 1990-2008.” National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 20399. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w20399

NRC (National Research Council of Canada). 2019. “Plant-based protein market: global and Canadian market analysis.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://nrc.canada.ca/en/research-development/research-collaboration/programs/plant-based-protein-market-global-canadian-market-analysis

OAG (Office of the Auditor General of Canada). 2017. 2017 December Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the Yukon Legislative Assembly: Climate Change in Yukon. Retrieved from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/yuk_201712_e_42706.html

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Statistics. 2020. “Green Growth Indicators/Production- and Demand-based CO₂ Productivity.” Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/

Schiebe, Torbjörn. 2019. “Should Every Country on Earth Copy Sweden’s Carbon Tax?” Apolitical. 17 October 2019. Retrieved from https://apolitical.co/en/solution_article/should-every-country-on-earth-copy-swedens-carbon-tax

Schumpeter. 2020. “Big Oil Has a Do-or-die Decade Ahead Because of Climate Change.” The Economist. 18 January 2020. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/business/2020/01/18/big-oil-has-a-do-or-die-decade-ahead-because-of-climate-change

Statistics Canada. 2019a. “Gross Domestic Product, Expenditure-based, Provincial and Territorial, Annual.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201

Statistics Canada. 2019b. “Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Basic Prices, by Industry, Provinces and Territories, percentage share.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610040001

Statistics Canada. 2020. “Table 38-10-0097-01: Physical Flow Account for Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3810009701-eng 

WEF (World Economic Forum). 2019. “Mapped: Fossil Fuel Production by Country.” Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/06/mapped-fossil-fuel-production-by-country/

Indicator 2: Economic Resilience

Adriano, Lyle. 2017. “Financial Impact of the Fort McMurray wildfire at nearly $9 billion: Study.” Insurance Business Magazine. 19 January 2017. Retrieved from https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/ca/news/breaking-news/financial-impact-of-the-fort-mcmurray-wildfire-at-nearly-9-billion-study-45408.aspx

Antunes, Pedro and Marie-Christine Bernard. 2016. Economic Repercussions of Fort Mac Fires — More Complex than at First Glance. The Conference Board of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.conferenceboard.ca/reports/briefings/alberta-wildfires.aspx 

Bryan-Baynes, Elysia. 2019. “Quebec announces revamped flooding compensation program.” Global News. 15 April 2019. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/5171302/quebec-flooding-compensation/ 

CDP (Climate Disclosure Project). 2018. “City Climate Hazard Data.” Retrieved from https://data.cdp.net/browse?category=Climate+Hazards

Conference Board of Canada. 2016. “Fort McMurray wildfires to cost governments and insurers more than $5 billion.” Retrieved from https://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/newsrelease/16-11-15/Fort_McMurray_Wildfires_to_Cost_Governments_and_Insurers_More_Than_5_Billion.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019. “Canada in a Changing Climate.” Government of Canada.  Retrieved from https://changingclimate.ca/

Henstra, Daniel and Jason Thistlethwaite. 2017. “Climate change, floods, and municipal risk sharing in Canada.” Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. No. 30. Retrieved from https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/imfg/uploads/373/1917_imfg_no_30_online_final.pdf 

IBC (Insurance Bureau of Canada). 2019. Options for Managing Flood Costs of Canada’s Highest Risk Residential Properties: A Report of the National Working Group on Financial Risk of Flooding. Retrieved from http://assets.ibc.ca/Documents/Studies/IBC-Flood-Options-Paper-EN.pdf   

Intact. 2020. Factoring Climate Risk into Financial Valuation. Intact Centre on Climate Adaptation. Retrieved from https://www.intactcentreclimateadaptation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Factoring-Climate-Risk-into-Financial-Valuation.pdf 

ISC (Indigenous Services Canada). 2019. “Costs reimbursed by the Emergency Management Assistance Program (EMAP) between 2005 and 2019.” Retrieved from https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1560363002018/1560363016109

Kirchmeier-Young, M.C., F.W. Zwiers, N.P. Gillett et al. 2017. “Attributing extreme fire risk in Western Canada to human emissions.” Climatic Change. 144, 365–379. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2030-0 

MacEwan University. 2017. “Quantifying disaster: Economics profs report first findings in total cost of Fort McMurray wildfires.” Retrieved from https://www.macewan.ca/wcm/MacEwanNews/STORY_FT_MAC_ECON_RESEARCH_2

Maratta, Alessia Simona. 2019. “Only half of Quebec flood victims have received full compensation from the government.” Global News. 16 December 2019. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/6300550/quebec-flood-victim-compensation/ 

Meckbach, Greg. 2018. “Where Canada sits with overland flood insurance.” Canadian Underwriter. 5 June 2018. Retrieved from https://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/insurance/canada-sits-overland-flood-insurance-1004132703/ 

Minano, Andrea, Daniel Henstra and Jason Thistlethwaite. 2019. “Better flood maps are required to protect Canadians and their property.” CIGI Policy Brief No. 154. 16 July 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/publications/better-flood-maps-are-required-protect-canadians-and-their-property 

Oduro, Kwabeno. 2020. “Montreal calling on Quebec for funds to cover high cost of spring floods.” Global News. 9 January 2020. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/6387714/montreal-quebec-funds-cost-spring-floods/ 

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2019. Fiscal Resilience to Natural Disasters: Lessons from Country Experiences. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/gov/fiscal-resilience-to-natural-disasters-27a4198a-en.htm

PSC (Public Safety Canada). 2017. “2016–2017 Evaluation of the Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/vltn-dsstr-fnncl-ssstnc-2016-17/index-en.aspx

PSC (Public Safety Canada). 2019. “Departmental Results Report 2018–19.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/dprtmntl-rslts-rprt-2018-19/index-en.aspx#a06 

PSC (Public Safety Canada). 2020. “The Canadian Disaster Database.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/cndn-dsstr-dtbs/index-en.aspx

Stone, Andy. 2020. “Insurers struggle to address climate risk.” Forbes. 20 January 2020.  Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/andystone/2020/01/30/climate-change-will-make-more-of-the-world-uninsurable/#67d34f6f655a 

Tett, Simon et al. 2018. “Anthropogenic forcings and associated changes in fire risk in western North America and Australia during 2015/16.” American Meteorological Society. January 2018. Retrieved from https://www.climatesignals.org/sites/default/files/reports/climate_signals_tett_et_al._2018_bams.pdf

Teufel, B., G.T. Diro, K. Whan, S.M. Milrad et al. 2017. “Investigation of the 2013 Alberta flood from weather and climate perspectives.” Climate Dynamics. 48(9/10). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3239-8

Tigue, Kristoffer. 2019. “Climate change becomes an issue for ratings agencies.” Inside Climate News. 5 August 2019. Retrieved from https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04082019/climate-change-ratings-agencies-financial-risk-cities-companies

Indicator 3: Technology Development

ACTia and MaRS Data Catalyst. 2019. Alberta Clean Technology Sector 2019. Retrieved from https://actia.ca/ab-cleantech-sector-report-2019/

Bataille, C. 2019. “Physical and policy pathways to net-zero emissions industry.” WIREs Climate Change. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.633

CIPO (Canadian Intellectual Property Office). 2017. “Patented inventions in climate change mitigation technologies.” Retrieved from https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr04289.html 

CTG (Cleantech Group). 2020. “2020 Global Cleantech 100.” Retrieved from https://www.cleantech.com/release/top-private-companies-in-clean-technology-named/ 

Deloitte and ESSA Technologies. 2016. International export markets: Canadian climate change adaptation goods and services. Prepared for Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved from  https://essa.com/explore-essa/projects/the-global-need-for-climate-adaptation-goods-and-services/

ESTCT (Economic Strategy Table on Clean Technology). 2018. Report from Canada’s Economic Strategy Tables: Clean Technology. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/098.nsf/eng/00023.html

Fellows, G. Kent, Victoria Goodday and Jennifer Winter. 2019. A Review of Barriers to Full-Scale Deployment of Emissions-Reduction Technologies. Prepared for Emissions Reduction Alberta. 

Filion, Nadine. 2019. “Quebec invests $20 million in Canada’s pioneering electric car research hub.” Driving. 26 November 2019. Retrieved from https://driving.ca/auto-news/news/quebec-invests-20-million-in-canadas-pioneering-electric-car-research-hub

Hansen, Erik, Florian Lüdeke-Freund, Xiaohong Quan and Joel West. 2017. “Beyond technology push vs. demand pull: The evolution of solar policy in the U.S., Germany and China.” 2017 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference. 119–124. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318890507_Beyond_technology_push_vs_demand_pull_The_evolution_of_solar_policy_in_the_US_Germany_and_China

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2019. Innovation Gaps: Key long-term technology challenges for research, development and demonstration. International Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/innovation-gaps 

JWN. 2020. “New future for Alberta bitumen in advanced materials.” JWN Energy. Retrieved from https://www.jwnenergy.com/article/2020/1/new-future-alberta-bitumen-advanced-materials/

MaRS Data Catalyst. 2019. Electrification Companies Across Canada: Results from the National Cleantech Survey 2017–2018. Prepared for the Canadian Institute for Climate Choices. 

Neufeld, Dorothy. 2019. “5 renewable energy stocks on the TSX.” Cleantech Investing News. 12 November 2019. Retrieved from https://investingnews.com/daily/tech-investing/cleantech-investing/renewable-energy-stocks-tsx/ 

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2020. “Patents in Environmentally Related Technologies: Patent Applications Filed Under the PCT by a Canadian Inventor.” Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/

Rubin, Edward, Ines Azevedo, Paulina Jaramillo, and Sonia Yeh. 2015. “A Review of Learning Rates for Electricity Supply Technologies.” Energy Policy. 86: 198-218 Retrieved from https://www.cmu.edu/epp/iecm/rubin/PDF%20files/2015/A%20review%20of%20learning%20rates%20for%20electricity%20supply%20technologies.pdf

Sartor, O. and C. Bataille. 2019. Decarbonising basic materials in Europe: How carbon contracts-for-difference could help bring breakthrough technologies to market. Paris, France: Institut du Developpement Durable et des Relations Internationales. Retrieved from https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/study/decarbonising-basic-materials-europe  

Statistics Canada. 2019a. “Table 27-10-0356-01: Innovations with environmental benefits by industry and enterprise size.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/2710035601-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2019b. “Table 27-10-0149-01: Product or process innovations with environmental benefits by industry and enterprise size.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/2710014901-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2019c. “Clean technologies and the Survey of Environmental Goods and Services: A technical reference guide.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-511-x/16-511-x2019001-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. 2020a. “Table 36-10-0630-01: Environmental and Clean Technology Products Economic Account, gross domestic product.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3610063001-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020b. “Table 36-10-0627-01: Environmental and Clean Technology Products Economic Account, production account.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3610062701-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020c. “Table 36-10-0221-01: Gross domestic product, income-based, provincial and territorial, annual.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3610022101-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020d. “Table 38-10-0031-01: Revenues from environmental and clean technology goods and services exports, Canada and regions.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3810003101-eng 

Indicator 4: Technology Adoption

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2019. “Market Snapshot: How does Canada rank in terms of vehicle fuel economy?” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/snpsht/2019/07-05hwdscndrnk-eng.html

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2020. “Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Canada.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/cda-eng.html 

CTCN (Climate Technology Centre and Network). 2020. “Technology Sectors – Adaptation.” Retrieved from https://www.ctc-n.org/technology-sectors

DEEP Centre. 2016. Accelerating Canada’s Clean Growth Economy: Cleantech Adoption Strategies for a Low-Carbon World. Retrieved from http://deepcentre.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/DEEP_Centre_Clean_Growth_Economy.pdf

DDPP (Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project). 2015. Pathways To Deep Decarbonization – 2015 Executive Summary. SDSN – IDDRI. Retrieved from http://deepdecarbonization.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DDPP_EXESUM-1.pdf 

Dow, Jameson. 2019. “Survey says consumers avoid electric cars due to three myths: range, price, charging.” Electrek. 20 August 2019. Retrieved from https://electrek.co/2019/08/20/survey-consumers-avoid-evs-myths-range-price-charging/

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2016. Canada’s Mid-Century Long-term Low-Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/application/pdf/canadas_mid-century_long-term_strategy.pdf 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020a. National Inventory Report 1990–2018: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada Part 1. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/224829

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020b. Canada’s Fourth Biennial Report on Climate Change. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/209928

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020c. 2020 National Inventory Report. Government of Canada.  Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/224829

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2019. “Total Primary Energy Supply by Source.” Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics

IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). 2019. “Falling Renewable Power Costs Open Door to Greater Climate Ambition.” Retrieved from https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/May/Falling-Renewable-Power-Costs-Open-Door-to-Greater-Climate-Ambition

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2018. “Factors Affecting Fuel Efficiency: Cold Weather.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/energy-efficiency-transportation-and-alternative-fuels/choosing-right-vehicle/tips-buying-fuel-efficient-vehicle/factors-affect-fuel-efficiency/cold-weather/21032 

Rissman, J., C. Bataille, E. Masanet, N. Aden, W. Morrow, N. Zhou, N. Elliot, R. Dell, N. Heeren, B. Huckestein, J. Cresko, S. Willer, J. Roy, P. Fennell, B. Cremmins, T. Koch, B. Koch Blank, D. Hone, E. Williams, and J. Helseth. 2020. “Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070.” Applied Energy. Volume 266, 114848. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848 

SaskPower. 2020. “Boundary Dam Carbon Capture Project.” Retrieved from https://www.saskpower.com/Our-Power-Future/Infrastructure-Projects/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage/Boundary-Dam-Carbon-Capture-Project

Shorthouse, Paul. 2019. “How Precision Agriculture Can Revolutionize Canada’s Agri-food Sector.” The Delphi Group. Retrieved from https://delphi.ca/2019/07/precision-agriculture-can-revolutionize-canadas-agri-food-sector/

Statistics Canada. 2019a. “Table 20-10-0021-01: New motor vehicle registrations.” Government of Canada. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.25318/2010002101-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2019b. “Table 27-10-0367-01: Use of advanced or emerging technologies by industry and enterprise size.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/2710036701-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2019c. “Table 27-10-0369-01: Clean technology use by industry and enterprise size.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/2710036901-eng

Statistics Canada. 2019d. “Table 27-10-0368-01: Reasons for not adopting or using advanced technologies by industry and enterprise size.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/2710036801-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020. “Table 32-10-0359-01: Estimated areas, yield, production, average farm price and total farm value of principal field crops, in metric and imperial units.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3210035901-eng 

WNA (World Nuclear Association). 2020. “Country Profiles: France.” Retrieved from https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/france.aspx

Indicator 5: Low-carbon, Resilient Trade

Analytica Advisors. 2017. 2017 Canadian Clean Technology Industry Report. Retrieved from http://analytica-advisors.com/sites/default/files/2017%20Canadian%20Clean%20Technology%20Industry%20Report%20Synopsis%20FINAL.pdf

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019. Canada’s Fourth Biennial Report on Climate Change. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/NationalReports/Documents/1687459_Canada-BR4-1-Canada%E2%80%99s%20Fourth%20Biennial%20Report%20on%20Climate%20Change%202019.pdf

Elgie, S. and M. Brownlee. 2017. Accelerating Clean Innovation in Canada. Smart Prosperity Institute. Retrieved from https://institut.intelliprosperite.ca/sites/default/files/acceleratingcleaninnovationincanada_0.pdf

IFC (International Finance Cooperation). 2018. IFC-Canada Climate Change Program: End-of-Investment Period Report. Retrieved from https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/e42ee4af-0d9b-479a-b323-bc1c58fe86d0/ifc-climate-change-program-canada-062018.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=mtX0VE6

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2013. Climate and Carbon: Aligning Prices and Policies. OECD Environment Policy Paper, 1. Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment-and-sustainable-development/climate-and-carbon_5k3z11hjg6r7-en#page1

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017. Green Growth Indicators 2017. Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/green-growth-indicators-2017_9789264268586-en#page120

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2018. “Net Official Development Assistance.” Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/oda/net-oda.htm

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2020. “Green Growth Indicators: Official development assistance.” Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org

Provenzano, Marco, Jack Wang and Ian Donegan. 2019. “International Trade in Environmental and Clean Technology Products by Origin and Destination, 2007 to 2017.” Statistics Canada. https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-001-m/16-001-m2019001-eng.htm 

Rohan, S. 2019. Advancing Reconciliation in Canada: A Guide for Investors. Reconciliation & Responsible Investment Initiative. Retrieved from https://share.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RRII-Guide-FINAL-2.pdf

SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board). 2018. Oil and gas: Exploration and Production Sustainability Accounting Standard. Retrieved from https://www.sasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Oil_Gas_Exploration_Production_Standard_2018.pdf

Statistics Canada. 2020a. “Environmental and Clean Technology Products Economic Account, 2018.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200313/dq200313b-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. 2020b. “Table 36-10-0009-01: International investment position, Canadian direct investment abroad and foreign direct investment in Canada, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and region, annual. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610000901 

The Economist. 2011. “We have a winner: British Columbia’s carbon tax woos skeptics.” The Economist. 21 July 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/18989175 

Indicator 6: Low-carbon, Resilient Infrastructure

Canada Infrastructure Bank. 2020. “About us.” https://cib-bic.ca/en/about-us/

FCM (Federation of Canadian Municipalities). 2019. Guide for Integrating Climate Change Considerations into Municipal Asset Management. Municipalities for Climate Innovation Program. Retrieved from https://fcm.ca/sites/default/files/documents/programs/mcip/guide-for-integrating-climate-change-considerations-into-municipal-am.pdf

GCEC (Global Commission on the Economy and Climate). 2014. Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1595TheNewClimateEconomyReport.pdf

GCEC (Global Commission on the Economy and Climate). 2015. Seizing the Global Opportunity: Partnerships for Better Growth and a Better Climate. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-az422e.pdf

Infrastructure Canada. 2018. “Annex A – High-Level Investment Priorities and Criteria.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/CIB-BIC/annex-annexe-eng.html?pedisable=true

Infrastructure Canada. 2019. “Climate-Resilient Buildings and Core Public Infrastructure Initiative.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/plan/crbcpi-irccipb-eng.html

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2020. “Renewable Energy Facts.” Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/data-and-analysis/energy-data-and-analysis/energy-facts/renewable-energy-facts/20069#L7 

NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). 2016. Green & Resilience Banks: How the Green Investment Bank Model Can Play a Role in Scaling Up Climate Finance in Emerging Markets. Coalition for Green Capital and Climate Finance Advisors. Retrieved from https://climatefinanceadvisors.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/GIB_FINAL2.pdf

Oji, C. and O. Weber. 2017. Advancing Sustainable Energy in Ontario: The Case of Regional Renewable Energy Cooperatives. Centre for International Governance Innovation. Paper No. 133. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Paper%20no.133web.pdf

Sawyer, D., K. Monahan and J. Peters. 2019. Growing Clean: Investment Flows in Low-carbon Technology to 2030. Smart Prosperity Institute. Retrieved from https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/report-growingclean.pdf 

Statistics Canada. 2019. “Infrastructure Economic Account, 2018.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/2018013/ic2-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. 2020. “Table 36-10-0608-01: Infrastructure Economic Accounts, investment and net stock by asset, industry, and asset function.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610060801#timeframe

TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures). 2019. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures: Status Report. Retrieved from https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-TCFD-Status-Report-FINAL-053119.pdf

Indicator 7: Low-carbon Jobs

Anderson, Drew. 2020. “$1.7B to clean up orphaned and abandoned wells could create thousands of jobs.” CBC News. 17 April 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/federal-oil-and-gas-orphan-wells-program-1.5535943 

Baldwin, John R., Wulong Gu, Ryan Macdonald and Beiling Yan. 2014; “Productivity: What is it? How is it measured? What Has Canada’s performance been over the period 1961 to 2012?” The Canadian Productivity Review. 15-206-X2014038. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from  https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/pub/15-206-x/15-206-x2014038-eng.htm

CICC (Canadian Institute for Climate Choices). 2020. Charting Our Course. Retrieved from https://climatechoices.ca/reports/charting-our-course/

Conference Board of Canada. 2019. “Finding Focus: The Future of Work in Canada.” Retrieved from https://www.conferenceboard.ca/insights/blogs/finding-focus-the-future-of-work-in-canada

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2016. Canada’s Mid-Century Long-Term Low-Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/application/pdf/canadas_mid-century_long-term_strategy.pdf 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019. Canada’s Changing Climate Report 2019. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020a. “Canada’s official greenhouse gas inventory.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://data.ec.gc.ca/data/substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/   

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada) (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020b. Canada’s Fourth Biennial Report on Climate Change. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/209928 

EDC (Export Development Canada). 2020. “Top 10 Global Risks.” Retrieved from https://www.edc.ca/en/article/top-10-risks-guide-infographic.html

Efficiency One. 2017. “Annual Report shows the good things efficiency brings all Nova Scotians.” Retrieved from https://www.efficiencyns.ca/news/annual-report-shows-good-things-efficiency-brings-nova-scotians/ 

EPSF (Expert Panel on Sustainable Finance). 2019. Final Report of the Expert Panel on Sustainable Finance: Mobilizing Finance for Sustainable Growth. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2019/eccc/En4-350-2-2019-eng.pdf 

ILO (International Labour Organization). 2016. “What is a Green Job?” Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/news/WCMS_220248/lang–en/index.htm

INAC (Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada). 2016. “Dokis First Nation Okikendawt Project.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1459449220161/1459449341752

Indigenous Circle of Experts. 2020. “Pathway to Canada Target 1.” Canadian Parks Council. Retrieved from https://www.conservation2020canada.ca/ice

Indigenous Clean Energy. 2020. “Indigenous Clean Energy Projects.” Retrieved from https://indigenouscleanenergy.com/ice-projects/

Indigenous Climate Action. 2020. “Climate Justice. Indigenous-Led.” Retrieved from https://www.indigenousclimateaction.com/

Iron & Earth. 2016. Workers’ Climate Plan Report: A Blueprint for Sustainable Jobs and Energy. Retrieved from https://www.workersclimateplan.ca/ 

JTC (Just Transition Centre). 2017. Just Transition: A Report for the OECD. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/g20-climate/collapsecontents/Just-Transition-Centre-report-just-transition.pdf 

Lundy, Matt. 2020. “Women, younger workers bear brunt of one million job losses in March.” The Globe and Mail. 9 April 2020. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/economy/article-canada-loses-record-1-million-jobs-as-coronavirus-fallout-slams/ 

Manyika, James. 2017. “Technology, jobs, and the future of work.” McKinsey and Company. 24 May 2017. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/technology-jobs-and-the-future-of-work 

Moffat, Mike. 2019. Construction and Carbon: The Impact of Climate Policy on Building in Canada in 2025. Smart Prosperity Institute. Retrieved from https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/constructionandcarbonreport.pdf 

NCE (New Climate Economy). 2018. Unlocking the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century. New Climate Economy. Retrieved from https://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2015. Canada in a Changing Climate: Sector Perspectives on Impacts and Adaptation. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/environment/resources/publications/impacts-adaptation/reports/assessments/2014/16309

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017. Green Growth Indicators 2017. OECD Green Growth Studies. OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264268586-en 

Statistics Canada. 2017. “Canadian Business Patterns, Dissemination Area (DA) Level [custom tabulation].” Government of Canada. Scholars Portal Dataverse, V3. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5683/SP/FLLHOV

Statistics Canada. 2019. “Table 14-10-0359-01: Labour force characteristics by Aboriginal group and educational attainment.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/1410035901-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020a. “Table 14-10-0090-01: Labour force characteristics by province, territory and economic region, annual.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/1410009001-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020b. “Table 14-10-0202-01: Employment by industry, annual.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/1410020201-eng

Statistics Canada. 2020c. “Table 36-10-0632-01: Environmental and Clean Technology Products Economic Account, employment.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/3610063201-eng 

Statistics Canada. 2020d. “Table 14-10-0118-01: Labour force characteristics by educational degree, annual.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.25318/1410011801-eng 

Weikle, Brandie. 2019. “Millennials are on a quest to find meaningful work — and they’re willing to take less pay to get it.” CBC News. 30 March 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/millennials-meaningful-work-1.5075483

Winter, Jennifer and Michal Moore. 2013. “The ‘green jobs’ fantasy: why the economic and environmental reality can never live up to the political promise.” SPP Research Papers. Volume 6 Issue 31. The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary. Retrieved from https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/j-winter-green-jobs-final.pdf 

Indicator 8: Affordable Energy

Boardman, B. 1991. Fuel Poverty: from Cold Homes to Affordable Warmth. London: Belhaven Press.

Boardman, B. 2010. Fixing Fuel Poverty: Challenges and Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.energypoverty.eu/publication/fixing-fuel-poverty-challenges-and-solutions

Borenstein, S. and L. Davis. 2016. “The Distributional Effects of US Clean Energy Tax Credits.” In Tax Policy and the Economy, eds. J. Brown. Volume 30. National Bureau of Economic Research: University of Chicago Press. 

Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission. 2015. The Way Forward: A Practical Approach to Reducing Canada’s GHG Emissions. Retrieved from https://ecofiscal.ca/reports/wayforward/

Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission. 2016. Course Correction: It’s Time to Rethink Canadian Biofuel Policies. Retrieved from https://ecofiscal.ca/reports/course-correction-time-rethink-canadian-biofuel-policies/

CCPA (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives). 2013. “Indigenous children face deplorable poverty.” Retrieved from https://www.policyalternatives.ca/newsroom/updates/indigenous-children-face-deplorable-poverty

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2017a. “Market snapshot: Canadian electricity prices generally increasing faster than inflation, but trends vary among provinces.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/snpsht/2017/05-03cndnlctrctprcs-eng.html

CER (Canada Energy Regulator). 2017b. “Market Snapshot: Fuel poverty across Canada – lower energy efficiency in lower income households.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/snpsht/2017/08-05flpvrt-eng.html

City of Calgary. 2019. “Calgary Transit Low Income Transit Pass Program.” Retrieved from https://pub-calgary.escribemeetings.com/filestream.ashx?DocumentId=96496

CUSP (Canadian Urban Sustainability Practitioners). 2019. “The many faces of energy poverty in Canada.” Retrieved from https://energypoverty.ca/

Doluweera, G., A. Vypovska, A. Datta and S. Iwuoha. 2018. Impacts of Carbon Management on Canadian Electricity Prices. Canadian Energy Research Institute. Retrieved from https://ceri.ca/assets/files/Study_171_Full_Report.pdf

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020. “Canada’s official greenhouse gas inventory.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://data.ec.gc.ca/data/substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/   

Neuman, K. 2018. “Canadians’ confidence in national institutions steady.” Policy Options. August 2018. Retrieved from https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/august-2018/canadians-confidence-in-national-institutions-steady/

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2018. “Income inequality.” Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm

Popp, D. 2016. A Blueprint for Going Green: The Best Policy Mix for Promoting Low-Emission Technology. C.D. Howe Institute E-Brief. July 19, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.cdhowe.org/sites/default/files/attachments/research_papers/mixed/e-brief_242.pdf 

Robinson, Matt. 2019. “B.C.’s electric vehicle incentives still favour wealthier homeowners.” Vancouver Sun. 26 June 2019. Retrieved from https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/b-c-s-electric-vehicle-incentives-still-favour-wealthier-homeowners/

Statistics Canada. 2020a. Personal correspondence with Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 2 June 2020. 

Statistics Canada. 2020b. “Household spending by household income quintile, Canada, regions and provinces.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1110022301

Stone, C. 2015. “Designing rebates to protect low-income households under a carbon tax.” Retrieved from Resources Magazine. September 2015. Retrieved from https://media.rff.org/archive/files/document/file/RFF-Resources-190_CarbonTaxRebates_0.pdf

Vallier, K. 2019. Social and political trust. Niskanen Center Research Paper. Retrieved from https://www.niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/old_uploads/2019/05/Vallier-Social-and-Political-Trust-Niskanen.pdf

Winter, J., B. Dolter and G. Kent Fellows. 2019. “Carbon Pricing Costs for Households and Revenue Recycling Options in Canada.” Retrieved from https://jenniferwinter.github.io/website/Winter_Dolter_FellowsSept2019.pdf

Indicator 9: Inclusive Resilience

Beedie, N., D. Macdonald and D. Wilson. 2019. Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada. Assembly of First Nations, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Upstream. Retrieved from https://www.afn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Upstream_report_final_English_June-24-2019.pdf

Cameron, E. 2012. “Securing Indigenous politics: A critique of the vulnerability and adaptation approach to the human dimensions of climate change in the Canadian Arctic.” Global Environmental Change, 22: 103–114. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.004

Cardona, O.D., M.K. van Aalst, J. Birkmann, M. Fordham, G. McGregor, R. Perez, R.S. Pulwarty, E.L.F. Schipper and B.T. Sinh. 2012. “Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability.” In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Eds., Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, NY, U.S., pp. 65–108.

Chakraborty, L., H. Rus, D. Henstra, J. Thistlethwaite and D. Scott. 2020. “A place-based socioeconomic status index: Measuring social vulnerability to flood hazards in the context of environmental justice.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 43. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101394

Council of Canadian Academies. 2019. Canada’s Top Climate Change Risks: The Expert Panel on Climate Change Risks and Adaptation Potential. Retrieved from https://cca-reports.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Report-Canada-top-climate-change-risks.pdf 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019. “Canada in a Changing Climate.” Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved from https://changingclimate.ca/

ESDC (Employment and Social Development Canada). 2016. “Towards a Poverty Reduction Strategy – A backgrounder on poverty in Canada.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/poverty-reduction/backgrounder.html

Government of British Columbia. 2019. Preliminary Strategic Climate Risk Assessment for British Columbia. Report prepared for the Government of British Columbia, Victoria, BC. Retrieved from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/adaptation/risk-assessment  

Haalboom, B. and D. Natcher. 2012. “The power and peril of ‘vulnerability’: Approaching community labels with caution in climate change research.” Arctic, 65(3): 319–327. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4219

Hallegatte, S., A. Vogt-Schilb, J. Rozenberg, M. Bangalore and C. Beaudet. 2020. “From poverty to disaster and back: a review of the literature.” Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 4, 223–247. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00060-5

Health Canada. 2020. Reducing Urban Heat Islands To Protect Health In Canada: An Introduction for Public Health Professionals. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/health/publications/healthy-living/reducing-urban-heat-islands-protect-health-canada/Reducing-Urban-Heat-EN.pdf

Heisz, A., G. Notten and J. Situ. 2016. “The association between skills and low income.” Insights on Canadian Society. February 2016. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2016001/article/14322-eng.htm

IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Glossary, pp. 869–883. Eds., Parry, M.L., O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linder and C.E. Hanson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 

Johnston, N. and A. Sharpe. 2019. An Infrastructure Index for Remote Indigenous Communities. Centre for the Study of Living Standards. Retrieved from http://www.csls.ca/reports/csls2019-04.pdf

Lavell, A., M. Oppenheimer, C. Diop, J. Hess, R. Lempert, J. Li, R. Muir-Wood and S. Myeong. 2012. “Climate change: new dimensions in disaster risk, exposure, vulnerability, and resilience.” In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Eds., Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 25–64.

Manangan, A., C. Uejio, S. Sahal, P. Schramm, G. Marinucci, C. Langford-Brown, J. Hess and G. Luber. 2016. Assessing Health Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Guide for Health Departments. National Center for Environmental Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/assessinghealthvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.pdf

Minano, A., D. Henstra and J. Thistlethwaite. 2019. Better Flood Maps Are Required to Protect Canadians and Their Property. CIGI Policy Brief No. 154. 16 July 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/publications/better-flood-maps-are-required-protect-canadians-and-their-property

Oved, M.C. 2019. “Life and death under the dome.” The Star. 23 May 2019. Retrieved from https://projects.thestar.com/climate-change-canada/quebec/

Statistics Canada. 2019a. “Canada Income Survey, 2017.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190226/dq190226b-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. 2019b. The Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation: User Guide. Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-20-0001/452000012019002-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. 2019c. “Spring flooding in selected communities across Canada: Factors impacting the ability to respond to natural disasters, 2019.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190614/dq190614a-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. 2020. “Table 11-10-0135-01: Low income statistics by age, sex and economic family type.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1110013501

Thistlethwaite, J., A. Minano, D. Henstra and S. Daniel. 2020. Indigenous Reserve Lands In Canada Face High Flood Risk. Centre for International Governance Innovation. Policy Brief No. 159. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/PB%20no.159.pdf

Thomas, D., Mitchell, T. and C. Arseneau. 2015. “Re-evaluating resilience: from individual vulnerabilities to the strength of cultures and collectivities among indigenous communities.” International Policies, Practices and Discourses, 4 (2): 116–129. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2015.1094174

USGCRP (United States Global Change Research Program). 2016. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/climatehealth2016/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullReport_small.pdf

Indicator 10: Clean Air

Badshah, H., F. Posada and R. Muncrief. 2019. Current State of NOx Emissions from In-use Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles in the United States. The International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved from https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/NOx_Emissions_In_Use_HDV_US_20191125.pdf

Bove, H., E. Bongaerts, E. Slenders, E. Bijnens, N. Saenen, W. Gyselaers, P. Van Eyken, M. Plusquin, M. Roeffaers, M. Ameloot and T. Nawrot. 2019. “Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta.” Nature Communications, 10: 3866. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11654-3

Brauer, M., C. Reynolds and P. Hystad. 2013. “Traffic-related air pollution and health in Canada.” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(18). Retrieved from https://www.cmaj.ca/content/185/18/1557

C2ES (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions). 2020. “Short-lived climate pollutants.” Retrieved from https://www.c2es.org/content/short-lived-climate-pollutants/

CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers on the Environment). 2017. “Canada’s air.” Retrieved from http://airquality-qualitedelair.ccme.ca/en/

Chen, H., J, Kwong, R. Copes, K. Tu, P. Villeneuve, A. van Donkelaar, P. Hystad, R. Martin, B. Murray, B. Jessiman, A. Wilton, A. Kopp and R. Burnett. 2017. “Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study.” The Lancet, 389. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6

CIRNAC (Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada). 2012. “Off-grid communities.” Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved from  https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/ 

de Prado Bert, P., E. Henderson Mercader, J. Pujol, J. Sunyer and Mortamais, M. 2018. “The effects of air pollution on the brain: A review of studies interfacing environmental epidemiology and neuroimaging.” Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(3): 351–364. 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2016. “International comparison of urban air quality.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/international-comparison-urban-air-quality.html

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2017. Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement: Progress Report 2016. International Joint Commission. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/eccc/documents/pdf/canada-us-aqa-report/canada-us-aqa-report-2016-en.pdf

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2018a. “National air pollution surveillance program.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://data.ec.gc.ca/data/air/monitor/national-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program/Data-Donnees/?lang=en

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2018b. “Technical backgrounder: Federal regulations for electricity sector.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/managing-pollution/energy-production/technical-backgrounder-regulations-2018.html

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019a. “Air pollutant emissions inventory.” Retrieved from https://pollution-waste.canada.ca/air-emission-inventory/

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019b. 2019 National Inventory Report. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/greenhouse-gas-inventories-annex-i-parties/national-inventory-submissions-2019

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019c. Canada’s Black Carbon Inventory Report 2019. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/publications/black-carbon-inventory-emissions-2020.html 

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020a. Canada’s Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Report 2020. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/publications/emissions-inventory-report-2020.html

Evans G.J., C. Audette, K. Badali, V. Celo, E. Dabek-Zlotorszynka, J. Debosz, L. Ding, G.N. Doerksen, R.M. Healy, D. Henderson, D. Herod, N. Hilker, C-H. Jeong, D. Johnson, K. Jones, A. Munoz, M. Noble, K. Reid, C. Schiller, U. Sofowote, Y. Su, J. Wang and L. White. 2019. Near-Road Air Pollution Pilot Study Final Report. Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/96917/4/Near%20Road%20Study%20Report.pdf

Fu, P., X. Guo, F. Man Ho Cheung and K. Lam Yung. 2019. “The association between PM2.5 exposure and neurological disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Science of the Total Environment, 655: 1240–1248. Retrieved from 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.218

Government of Ontario. 2017. “The End of Coal.” Ministry of Environment and Energy. Retrieved from https://www.ontario.ca/page/end-coal.

Health Canada. 2017. Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Canada: An Estimate of Premature Mortalities. Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://oaresource.library.carleton.ca/wcl/2018/20180207/H144-51-2017-eng.pdf

Health Canada. 2019. “Health impacts of air pollution in Canada: Estimates of morbidity and premature mortality outcomes.” Government of Canada. 

Heissel, J., C. Persico and D. Simon. 2019. Does Pollution Drive Achievement? The Effect of Traffic Pollution on Academic Performance. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 25489. 

Kodjak, D. 2015. Policies to reduce fuel consumption, air pollution, and carbon emissions from vehicles in G20 nations. International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved from https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_G20-briefing-paper_Jun2015_updated.pdf

Koornneef, J., T. Van Harmelen, A. Van Horssen and A. Ramirez. 2011. “Carbon Dioxide Capture and Air Quality.” In: Chemistry, Emission Control, Radioactive Pollution and Indoor Air Quality. Ed., Nicolas Mazzeo. IntechOpen, London, U.K.

Lancet Countdown & Canadian Public Health Association. 2017. Lancet Countdown 2017 Report: Briefing for Canadian Policymakers. Retrieved from  https://www.cpha.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/advocacy/2017_lancet_canada_brief.pdf

Lancet Neurology. 2018. “Air pollution and brain health: An emerging issue.” Lancet Neurology, 17(2): 103. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30462-3

Landrigan, P., R. Fuller, N. Acosta, O. Adeyi, R. Arnold, N. Basu, A. Bibi Baldé, R. Bertollini, S. Bose-O’Reilly, J. Ivey Boufford, P. Breysse, T. Chiles, C. Mahidol, A. Coll-Seck, M. Cropper, J. Fobil, V. Fuster, M. Greenstone, A. Haines, D. Hanrahan, D. Hunter, M. Khare, A. Krupnick, B. Lanphear, B. Lohani, K. Martin, K. Mathiasen, M. McTeer, C. Murray, J. Ndahimananjara, F. Perera, J. Potočnik, A. Preker, J. Ramesh, J. Rockström, C. Salinas, L. Samson, K. Sandilya, P. Sly, K. Smith, A. Steiner, R. Stewart, W. Suk, O. van Schayck, G. Yadama, K. Yumkella and M. Zhong. 2017. “The Lancet Commission on pollution and health.” The Lancet, 391(10119). Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-and-health

MacDonald, E. 2019. Return to Chemical Valley, 2019: Ten Years after Ecojustice’s Report on One of Canada’s Most Polluted Communities. Ecojustice Canada. Retrieved from https://www.ecojustice.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Return-to-Chemical-Valley_FINAL.pdf

Metro Vancouver. 2019. Caring for the Air 2019. Retrieved from http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/air-quality/AirQualityPublications/CaringfortheAir2019.pdf

OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). 2014. The Cost of Air Pollution. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org

Payne-Sturges, D., M. Marty, F. Perera, M. Miller, M. Swanson, K. Ellickson, D. Cory-Slechta, B. Ritz, J. Balmes, L. Anderko, E. Talbott, R. Gould and I. Hertz-Picciotto. 2018. “Healthy air, healthy brains: Advancing air pollution policy to protect children’s health.” AJPH Perspectives, 109(4): 550–554. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304902

Pembina Institute. 2016. Out with the Coal, in with the New: National Benefits of an Accelerated Phase-Out of Coal-Fired Power. Retrieved from https://www.pembina.org/reports/out-with-the-coal-in-with-the-new.pdf

Reid, C.E., M. Brauer, F.H. Johnston, M. Jerrett, J.R. Balmes and C.T. Elliot. 2016. “Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure.” Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(9): 1334–43. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27082891

Smith, R. and K. McDougal. 2017. Costs of Pollution in Canada: Measuring the Impacts on Families, Businesses, and Governments. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/costs-of-pollution-in-canada.pdf

Sunyer, J., M. Esnaola, M. Alvarez-Pedrerol, J. Forns, I. Rivas, M. López-Vicente, E. Suades-González, M. Foraster, R. Garcia-Esteban, X. Basagaña, M. Viana, M. Cirach, T. Moreno, A. Alastuey, N. Sebastian-Galles, M. Nieuwenhuijsen and X. Querol. 2015. “Association between traffic-related air pollution in schools and cognitive development in primary school children: A prospective cohort study.” PLoS Medicine, 12(3). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001792

Statistics Canada. 2019. “Canada’s population estimates: Sub-provincial areas, July 1, 2018.” Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190328/dq190328b-eng.htm

Wang, J., C.H. Jeong, N. Hilker, K. Shairsingh, R. Healy, U. Sofowote, H. Debosz, Y. Su, M. McGaughey, G. Doerksen, T. Munoz, L. White, D. Herod and G. Evans. 2018. “Near-road air pollutant measurements: accounting for inter-site variability using emission factors.” Environmental Science and Technology, 52: 9495-9504. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01914

Wu, X., R. Nethery, B. Sabath, D. Braun and F. Dominci. 2020. “Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States.” medRxiv 2020.04.05.20054502. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502

Indicator 11: Thriving Ecosystems

BBC. 2014. “How salmon help keep a huge rainforest thriving.” BBC Future. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140218-salmon-fertilising-the-forests

CICC (Canadian Institute for Climate Choices). 2020. Charting Our Course: Bringing Clarity to Canada’s Climate Policy Choices on the Journey to 2050. Retrieved from https://climatechoices.ca/reports/charting-our-course/

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2016. “Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Extent of Canada’s Wetlands.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/publications/extent-wetlands-data-methods.html

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2019. National Inventory Report 1990–2017: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada Part 2. Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2019/eccc/En81-4-2017-2-eng.pdf

ECCC (Environment and Climate Change Canada). 2020. National Inventory Report 1990–2018: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/224829

Gamble, Jessa. 2017. “What’s at stake in Ontario’s Ring of Fire.” Canadian Geographic. 24 August 2017. Retrieved from https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/whats-stake-ontarios-ring-fire 

Government of British Columbia. 2020a. “Industrial Burning.” Retrieved from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/air/air-pollution/smoke-burning/industrial

Government of British Columbia. 2020b. “Provincial Inventory 1990-2018.” Retrieved from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/climate-change/data/provincial-inventory/2018/bc_provincial_ghg_inventory_1990-2018.xlsx 

Hamrick K. and M. Gallant. 2018. Voluntary Carbon Markets Outlooks and Trends: January to March 2018. Forest Trends’ Ecosystem Marketplace. Retrieved from https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Q12018VoluntaryCarbon.pdf

ICABCCI (Integrated Climate Action for BC Communities Initiative). 2020. Accounting for Natural Assets: A Low Carbon Resilience Approach. ACT Adaptation to Climate Change Team. Simon Fraser University. Retrieved from https://act-adapt.org/reports/accounting-for-natural-assets-a-low-carbon-resilience-approach/

Jeong S-J, A. Anthony Bloom, D. Schimel, C. Sweeney, N.C. Parazoo, D. Medvigy, G. Schaepman-Strub, C. Zheng, C.R. Schwalm, D.N. Huntzinger, A.M. Michalak  and C.E. Miller. 2018. “Accelerating rates of Arctic carbon cycling revealed by long-term atmospheric CO₂ measurements.” Science Advances, Volume 4 No. 7. Retrieved from https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/eaao1167

Johnston, Mark. 2017. “Wetlands and Carbon – Filling the knowledge gap.” Saskatchewan Research Council. Retrieved from https://www.src.sk.ca/blog/wetlands-and-carbon-filling-knowledge-gap

Kurz, Werner. 2020. Personal communication with Dr. Werner Kerz, Senior Research Scientist at the Canadian Forest Service

Mahdianpari M., B. Salehi, F. Mohammadimanesh, B. Brisco, S. Homayouni, E. Gill, E.R. DeLancey and L. Bourgeau-Chavez. 2020. “Big Data for a Big Country: The First Generation of Canadian Wetland Inventory Map at a Spatial Resolution of 10-m Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing Platform.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 46 Issue 1. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07038992.2019.1711366

Molnar M., M. Kocian and D. Batker. 2012. Nearshore Natural Capital Valuation: Valuing the Aquatic Benefits of British Columbia’s Lower Mainland. David Suzuki Foundation and Earth Economics. Retrieved from https://davidsuzuki.org/science-learning-centre-article/nearshore-natural-capital-valuation-valuing-aquatic-benefits-british-columbias-lower-mainland/

Monahan, K., B. Filewod, J. McNally and S. Khalaj. 2020. Nature-Based Solutions: Policy Options for Climate and Biodiversity. Smart Prosperity Institute. Retrieved from https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/nbsreport.pdf

Murphy, G.E.P., M.C. Wong and H.K. Lotze. 2019. “A human impact metric for coastal ecosystems with application to seagrass beds in Atlantic Canada.” FACETS 4: 210–237. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0044 

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2018. ‘’Statistical Data’’. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/statsprofile

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2020a. “Indicator: Deforestation and Afforestation.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/state-canadas-forests-report/how-much-forest-does-canada-have/indicator-deforestation-afforestation/16546

NRCan (Natural Resources Canada). 2020b. “Forest Resources: Statistical Data.” Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/statsprofile/disturbance/ca

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Canada 2017. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-canada-2017_9789264279612-en

Ogle S.M., G. Domke, W.A. Kurz, M.T. Rocha, T. Huffman, A. Swan, J.E. Smith, C. Woodall and T. Krug. 2018. “Delineating managed land for reporting national greenhouse gas emissions and removals to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.” Carbon Balance and Management, 13, Article No. 9. Retrieved from https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13021-018-0095-3

Pattison-Williamsa J.K., J.W. Pomeroyb, P. Badiouc and S. Gaborc. 2018. “Wetlands, flood control and ecosystem services in the Smith Creek Drainage Basin: A case study in Saskatchewan, Canada.” Ecological Economics, Volume 147, pp. 36–47. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800917309084?via%3Dihub

Price D.T., R.I. Alfaro, K.J. Brown, M.D. Flannigan, R.A. Fleming, E.H. Hogg, M.P. Girardin, T. Lakusta, M. Johnston, D.W. McKenney, J.H. Pedlar, T. Stratton, R.N. Sturrock, I.D. Thompson, J.A. Trofymow and L.A. Venier. 2013. “Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems.” Environmental Reviews, 21 (4): 322–365. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0042

Simard, C., C. L’Ecuyer-Sauvageau, J-F. Bissonnette and J. Dupras. 2019. “Le rôle des infrastructures naturelles pour la gestion des eaux de ruissellement et des crues dans un contexte d’adaptation aux changements climatiques.” Le Naturaliste Canadien, 143 (1). Retrieved from https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/natcan/2019-v143-n1-natcan04133/1054114ar/

Statistics Canada. 2018. Human Activity and the Environment: Forests in Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.Statistics Canada.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/16-201-x/16-201-x2018001-eng.pdf?st=F_4TcNPX

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2019. “Peatlands store twice as much carbon as all the world’s forests.” Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/peatlands-store-twice-much-carbon-all-worlds-forests

WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society). 2020. “Northern Peatlands in Canada.” Retrieved from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/19d24f59487b46f6a011dba140eddbe7World Bank. 2020. “Earth Observation for Sustainable Development: Satellite based Services for Water Management.” Retrieved from https://olc.worldbank.org/content/earth-observation-sustainable-development-satellite-based-services-water-management